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study-index
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D BEHAVIOUR OF ORGANISATIONS.
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DA ANALOGY WITH INDIVIDUAL BEHAVIOUR.
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In the part a we have proposed and described informatical structure
coordinating human individual behaviour. Comparing with it the behaviour
of organised human collectivities one is bound to notice a striking
similarity, indeed an exact structural isomorphism of both phenomena.
Informatical structure of an organisation is isomorphic with that of
an individual and consists of isomprphic REFERENTIALS and FACULTIES
(see ch. ax.);
The difference concerns the physical supports of both involved
structures. Informatical structure of an individual is supported by his
nervous and sensual systems, both being subsystems of a more general
system: his body. An organisation has no global body, no global nervous
system. It simulates them by defining POSITIONS and FUNCTIONS
corresponding to all components of its informatical structure.
POSITIONS are assigned to individuals whose FACULTIES are borrowed
in order to support the involved FUNCTIONS. As FACULTIES require the
input / output context of REFERENTIALS, so FUNCTIONS require simulated
REFERENTIALS which are usually called DOCUMENTS (in the general sense,
including films, electronic records, etc.).
From the informatical analogy between human individual and organisation
can be derived the action - control cycle in the organisation. The
analogy and the cycle are represented schematically in figures ba1
and ba2.
##########################
# CHEF #
####--CONSCIENCE--########
v ^
**v********************^**
* v choose ^ *
**v***-volition-*******^**
v ^
v ^
########################## **************** ##########################
# SITUATION # * * # PROPOSITION #
# DIRECTIVE REPORT # * * # PLAN STUDY #
# --------- ------ # * * # ---- ----- #
######################## # * * # #######################
v ^ # # * * # # v ^
*v****************^* # #<<<< understand <<# # *v***************^*
*v MANAGER ^* # # * * # # *v SPECIALIST ^*
*v select confi ^* # # * * # # *v deduce induce ^*
*v gure ^* # # * * # # *v ^*
*v**-imagination-*^* # #>>>> symbolize >>># # *v**-inference-**^*
v ^ # # * * # # v ^
######################## # * * # #######################
# IMAGE # * * # SYMBOL #
# SCHEDULE ACCOUNT # * * # #
# -------- ------- # * * # #
####--IMAGERY--------##### *-intelligence-* ######--CODE-------#######
v ^
v ^
**v********************^**
* v RESPONSIBLE ^ *
* v express imagine ^ *
**v***-interpretation-*^**
v ^
v ^
##########################
# v PATTERN ^ #
# v PROGRAM MINUTES ^ #
# v ------- ------- ^ #
#*v********************^*#
# v decompose compose ^ #
#*v********************^*#
# v FORM ^ #
####--SENSORIUM--#########
v ^
v ^
**v********************^**
* v AGENT ^ *
* v trigger observe ^ *
**v**-communication-***^**
v ^
v ^
##########################
# #
####--REALITY--###########
fig ba1.
@
ACTION - CONTROL CYCLE IN ORGANISATION.
.---------------------------------------------------------------.
!POSITION !ACTION !CONTROL !
!---------------!-------v-------v-------!-------^-------^-------!------.
!NATU !FA !DOCU vFUNC vORDER !DOCU ^FUNC ^ORDER !QUA !
!RE !CULTY !MENT vTION v !MENT ^TION ^ !LITY !
!-------!-------!-------v-------v-------!-------^-------^-------!------!
!boss !voli ! vchoose v ! ^ ^ !coura !
! !tion ! vDECIDE v ! ^ ^ !ge !
!-------!-------!-------v-------v-------!-------^-------^-------!------!
! ! !direc v vfinal !report ^ ^final !clear !
! ! !tive v v ! ^ ^ !ness !
!-------!-------!-------v-------v-------!-------^-------^-------!------!
!mana !judge ! vselect v ! ^qualify^ !since !
!ger !ment ! vORGA v ! ^RECOM ^ !rity !
! ! ! vNIZE v ! ^MEND ^ ! !
!-------!-------!-------v-------v-------!-------^-------^-------!------!
! ! !plan v vlogi !study ^ ^logi !consis!
! ! ! v vcal ! ^ ^cal !tency !
!-------!-------!-------v-------v-------!-------^-------^-------!------!
!specia !infe ! vdeduce v ! ^induce ^ !rigour!
!list !rence ! vCOORDI v ! ^CON ^ ! !
! ! ! vNATE v ! ^CLUDE ^ ! !
!-------!-------!-------v-------v-------!-------^-------^-------!------!
! ! !sche v veffec !account^ ^causal !exacti!
! ! !dule v vtive ! ^ ^ !tude !
!-------!-------!-------v-------v-------!-------^-------^-------!------!
!respon !imagi ! vcom v ! ^inter ^ !expe !
!sible !nation ! vmand v ! ^pret ^ !rience!
! ! ! vEXE v ! ^INFORM ^ ! !
! ! ! vCUTE v ! ^ ^ ! !
!-------!-------!-------v-------v-------!-------^-------^-------!------!
! ! !prog v vexter !minu ^regis ^contin !confor!
! ! !ram v vnal !tes ^ter ^genr !mity !
!-------!-------!-------v-------v-------!-------^-------^-------!------!
!agent*)!communi! vsteer v ! ^observe^ !relia !
! !cation ! vOPE v ! ^REGIS ^ !bility!
! ! ! vRATE v ! ^TER ^ ! !
!-------!-------!-------v-------v-------!-------^-------^-------!------!
! R E A L I T Y !
------------------------------------------------------------------------
*) witness / operator
fig.ba2.
@
In simulating individual referentials with documents we have to overcome
a difficulty arising from the apparent incompatibility of the external
format of the documents and the internal type of the referential they
are supposed to simulate. In the typical case a document is symbolic.
Documents are usually symbolic. However, it is their role rather than
their form, which is essential for the simulation. Now, their role
consists in supplying individuals with information allowing them to
activate their individual referentials, thus satisfying the necessary
conditions for carrying out their individual faculties.
We shall therefore insert the documents into our schema according to
their role, i.e. to the concerned individual referential. Thus, for
instance, we shall find the document 'report' in the referential
'VISION', which may seam surprising at the first glance, report
being usually written, i.e. symbolic and having nothing to do with
images. Nevertheless, the role of the report consists in recommanding
some particular option of the project considering it obviously as
meaningful and refering to its meaning in justifying the recommendation.
Meaning is essential to the report and meaning is supported by the
VISION. Consequently, the role of report suggests the VISION as its
proper place within the schema.
Unlike 'report' the document 'study' results from the application of
the rigorous inference within symbolic network models such as the logic
or the mathematics. Therefore the role of study suggests the network
as its place within the schema.
Proper informatical structure of an organisation is a prereqisit for
proper design and efficiency of its DP systems. Consequently, as DP
system designers we have been often involved in restructuring of
organisations. This experience shows that regardless of the DP systems,
the restructuring as such in the sense of properly simulating the
individual behaviour, of properly defining the FUNCTIONS and the
DOCUMENTS invariably improved the efficiency of the concerned
organisations.
------------------------------------------------------------------------
DB DP TOOLS IN THE ORGANISATION.
------------------------------------------------------------------------
In the part b we have discussed the isomorphy between individual and
collective informatical structures. We have seen, that their differences
do not affect the isomorphy itself, but concern the physical supports
of both structures. Organisation simulates the individual structure
with help of documents and human faculties borrowed from its members.
As we said in ba documents should be taken in the general sense
including electronic records. Computer records place themselves
obviously in this category. Computer based documents represent a
conssiderable improvement with respect to paper_based ones. They
accomodate large amounts of information in miniature devices, they allow
easy, fast, direct retrieval and flexible modification of stored
records. However, computer based documents are not the only contribution
of the DP to improvement of informatical structures. The real novelty
emerging with the DP are informatical tools capable to assist, i.e. to
extend or to simulate human informatical faculties.
We present in this chapter the the main areas of practical application
of DP based informatical tools structured with help of the informatical
schemata, which we have used in the preceeding parts namely the analogy
and the cycle, figures ca1 and ca2.
INFORMATICAL tools, or SYSTEMS assist FACULTIES / FUNCTIONS and place
themseleves in the corresponding boxes of the schema. Concerned
REFERENTIALS represent their input / output context. Depending upon
the grade of integration of a system this context may be computer
based and eventually shared with other systems.
##########################
# CHEF #
####--CONSCIENCE--########
v ^
**v********************^**
* v choose ^ *
**v***-volition-*******^**
v ^
v ^
########################## **************** ##########################
# SITUATION # * * # PROPOSITION #
# DIRECTIVE REPORT # * * # PLAN STUDY #
# --------- ------ # * * # ---- ----- #
######################## # * * # #######################
v ^ # # * * # # v ^
*v****************^* # #<<<< understand <<# # *v***************^*
*v PLAN EXPERT ^* # # * * # # *v SCHEDU ALGO ^*
*v NING (AI) ^* # # * * # # *v LING RITMIC ^*
*v SYSTEM ^* # # * * # # *v SYSTEM ^*
*v----------------^* # # * * # # *v---------------^*
*v MANAGER ^* # # * * # # *v SPECIALIST ^*
*v select confi ^* # # * * # # *v deduce induce ^*
*v gure ^* # # * * # # *v ^*
*v**-imagination-*^* # #>>>> symbolize >>># # *v**-inference-**^*
v ^ # # * * # # v ^
######################## # * * # #######################
# IMAGE # * * # SYMBOL #
# SCHEDULE ACCOUNT # * * # #
# -------- ------- # * * # #
####--IMAGERY--------##### *-intelligence-* ######--CODE-------#######
v ^
**v********************^**
* v STEE S & R ^ *
* v RING (M.I.S) ^ *
* v SYSTEM ^ *
* v--------------------^ *
* v RESPONSIBLE ^ *
* v express imagine ^ *
**v***-interpretation-*^**
v ^
v ^
##########################
# v PATTERN ^ #
# v PROGRAM MINUTES ^ #
# v ------- ------- ^ #
#*v********************^*#
# v decompose compose ^ #
#*v********************^*#
# v FORM ^ #
####--SENSORIUM--#########
v ^
**v********************^**
* v TRIGGE COLLEC ^ *
* v RING TING ^ *
* v SYSTEM_INTERFACE ^ *
* v--------------------^ *
* v AGENT ^ *
* v trigger observe ^ *
**v**-communication-***^**
v ^
##########################
# #
####--REALITY--###########
DP TOOLS WITHIN THE CYCLE TABLE.
.---------------------------------------------------------------.
!POSITION !ACTION !CONTROL !
!---------------!-------v-------v-------!-------^-------^-------!------.
!NATU !FA !DOCU vFUNC vORDER !DOCU ^FUNC ^ORDER !QUA !
!RE !CULTY !MENT vTION v !MENT ^TION ^ !LITY !
!-------!-------!-------v-------v-------!-------^-------^-------!------!
!boss !voli ! vchoose v ! ^ ^ !coura !
! !tion ! vDECIDE v ! ^ ^ !ge !
!-------!-------!-------v-------v-------!-------^-------^-------!------!
! ! !direc v vfinal !report ^ ^final !clear !
! ! !tive v v ! ^ ^ !ness !
!-------!-------!-------v-------v-------!-------^-------^-------!------!
!mana !judge ! vselect v ! ^qualify^ !since !
!ger !ment ! vORGA v ! ^RECOM ^ !rity !
! ! ! vNIZE v ! ^MEND ^ ! !
! !-------!-------v-------v-------!-------^-------^-------! !
! !SYSTEM:!PLANING !EXPERT (AI) ! !
!-------!-------!-------v-------v-------!-------^-------^-------!------!
! ! !plan v vlogi !study ^ ^logi !consis!
! ! ! v vcal ! ^ ^cal !tency !
!-------!-------!-------v-------v-------!-------^-------^-------!------!
!specia !infe ! vdeduce v ! ^induce ^ !rigour!
!list !rence ! vCOORDI v ! ^CON ^ ! !
! ! ! vNATE v ! ^CLUDE ^ ! !
! !-------!-------v-------v-------!-------^-------^-------! !
! !SYSTEM:!SCHEDULING !ALGORITMIC ! !
!-------!-------!-------v-------v-------!-------^-------^-------!------!
! ! !sche v veffec !account^ ^causal !exacti!
! ! !dule v vtive ! ^ ^ !tude !
!-------!-------!-------v-------v-------!-------^-------^-------!------!
!respon !imagi ! vcom v ! ^inter ^ !expe !
!sible !nation ! vmand v ! ^pret ^ !rience!
! ! ! vEXE v ! ^INFORM ^ ! !
! ! ! vCUTE v ! ^ ^ ! !
! !-------!-------v-------v-------!-------^-------^-------! !
! !SYSTEM:!STEERING !S & R, (MIS) ! !
!-------!-------!-------v-------v-------!-------^-------^-------!------!
! ! !prog v vexter !minu ^regis ^contin !confor!
! ! !ram v vnal !tes ^ter ^genr !mity !
!-------!-------!-------v-------v-------!-------^-------^-------!------!
!agent*)!communi! vsteer v ! ^observe^ !relia !
! !cation ! vOPE v ! ^REGIS ^ !bility!
! ! ! vRATE v ! ^TER ^ ! !
! !-------!-------v-------v-------!-------^-------^-------! !
! !SYSTEM ! ! ! !
! INTERFACE:!TRIGGERING !COLLECTING ! !
!-------!-------!-------v-------v-------!-------^-------^-------!------!
! R E A L I T Y !
------------------------------------------------------------------------
*) witness / operator
fig.ca2
SYSTEM CONTEXT AND PREREQUISITS.
input output input output
level system type order order quality quality
1 storing external causal conformity exactitude
2 algoritmic causal logical exactitude rigour
3 projecting logical final rigour clarity
decision
4 planing final logical clarity rigour
5 scheduling logical causal rigour exactitude
6 triggering causal external exactitude conformity
Prerequisits are of three types:
1.One level lower. Prerequisit proper. Condition for transcendency
to have a base, a starting point.
2.The same level. Completing of the domaine.
3.Higher level. Feed_back. Admitted between levels 1 and 6. The involved
level 6 may, of course, have in turn prerequisits 5 and 4.